Usually,
the loan understand the trust enjoyed by the person who took on the obligation
of future payment from the person who was entitled to the payment, ie trust that the lender will
have the debtor.
In
lending practices have developed various types of loan transactions, based on
which the following types of credit bellco credit union :
1. Target
debt associated with the issuance of loans for production purposes, the
accumulation of material assets and the implementation of the production costs.
In
this case, the credit can be served as a method of lending turnover and lending
practices on the balance. Crediting
of turnover means that the loan simultaneously follows the movement of cash
advances and expenses of the borrower prior to the release of its resources. Loans
for the balance based on the relationship between the balance of inventory of
the borrower and the costs caused by the need for a loan.
2.
3. Credit line. This loan is a
multipurpose short-term. It
is provided to the gap in payment transactions borrower when his financial
needs exceed its existing own resources. Cash
requirements associated with stockpiling inventory, implementation of
production costs, the diversion of current assets in the goods shipped,
accounts receivable, as well as the mismatch of the turnover of funds in the
individual stages of their movement, etc. Credit
line is established for the year based on the borrower's balance sheet data on
the placement of working capital and its available sources of. The
credit line is the difference between the sum of the different elements of
working capital and the amount of own sources of their formation, as well as
accounts payable.
4.
For
example, current assets of one of the country farms on the balance sheet at the
end of the year to be $ 200 thousand, and the source of their formation - 160
thousand in this case, a line of credit cooperative "Agrocredit" will
be 40 thousand
In
the practice of the credit cooperative "Agrocredit" there may be some
excess payments for the credit. Such
excess shall not exceed 10% of the size of the credit line. This kind
of credit line called overdraft.
3. Syndicated
loans. Agricultural
producers need to borrow huge. Issue
for a long time a large amount of shareholder challenge for credit cooperative
problematic. In addition,
large loans carry a higher risk. In
these conditions, the actual credit cooperative is partial financing of
large-scale activities of their shareholders. Which
generate a union of creditors, where the risks are distributed among
participants, enabling the rural credit cooperatives to maintain its liquidity
at an appropriate level and to maintain the attractiveness of the cooperative
member-shareholder bellco credit union .
5. The
mortgage loan is a special type of credit (loan) mortgages. Mortgage
lending system includes two parts:
6.
- Direct the
issuance of mortgage loans;
-
The sale of mortgage loans in the secondary market (mortgages), which provides
an additional mobilization of resources for lending.
The first
is attended mortgage banks. Second
- financial companies and investment funds, mortgage banks to buy assets
collateralized by property, and then in his own name on their base to issue
securities (bonds).
5. Consumer
credit. Consumer
loans are called loans (loans) granted to individuals for the purchase of
consumer goods and payment of services. Rural
credit cooperatives such type of loan is typical for private households of
citizens living in rural areas.
Credit
cooperative, operating in a market, is subject to various risks. In
economic practice, the risk associated with some uncertainty about the outcome
of the case, ie, possible
risk and hope for a positive outcome of the decisions taken. Credit
risk is the failure of the counterparty of the financial transaction to execute
the loan contract. Credit
risk is particularly important in the planning of the cooperative, as its
revenues depend on lending activity. Credit risks can
be classified as follows:
- The
risk of default shareholder obligations;
- The risk of the region;
- Concentration risk;
- The
risk of non-payment of principal and interest;
- The risk of substitution of
the borrower;
- The risk of collateral.
There
are many ways to assess credit risk. To
reduce the risk, the board of the cooperative shall develop appropriate control
procedures. For
example, in order to optimize the control of the risk posed by lending, the board
of the cooperative "Agrocredit" can set credit limits, which may be
sectoral and credit of the borrower. To
establish the limits of the board of the cooperative sector requires an
analysis of the various branches of agriculture. Limits
can be set as a percentage of the share capital, as the amount of bad debt and
a certain percentage of outstanding loans. As
the experience of the main sectors of agriculture in the region under study,
adverse industry is farming. Therefore,
the cooperative "Agrocredit" may limit lending livestock 30% of
credit bellco credit union .
Usually, the bellco credit union